forum.ww1aircraftmodels.com

WW1 Aircraft Modeling => What's New => Topic started by: markleecarter on December 02, 2020, 02:36:03 AM

Title: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: markleecarter on December 02, 2020, 02:36:03 AM
I was just reading through Eduard's lastest 'Info' magazine, and in the intro they mention a brand new 1/48 Camel coming out in 2021. The full edition is linked below but this is the relevant quote:

At this point in time, September looks like the
release month for our new 1:48th scale Camel,
with supposed label BIGGLES & Co. It will be in
a league all its own, and nothing like the first Camel kit we did at the turn of the century. I venture to suggest that this will be the most detailed
First World War aircraft yet produced, bar none.
I understand that hardcore fans of WNW will
not be easily convinced, but still…I have stated
my prediction. We will do the work, and we will
do it extremely well.

https://www.eduard.com/out/media/InfoEduard/archive/2020/info-eduard-2020-12en.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0cL2pHEU0rsxQJHYlBYzAjl7CpWQ3fwyH48a85-pyzTEz5aafgPg8vgrg
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Monty on December 02, 2020, 03:26:52 AM
Oh, this sounds goood....
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Bughunter on December 02, 2020, 04:38:32 AM
We discussed this already some weeks ago.
Yes, a new WWI aircraft kit in 1/48 is nice, but why again a Camel?
If I look at the parts of the "old tool" Eduard Camel, I see a nice model, looking much better and more modern compared to some short run kits for example. But there are hundreds of interesting types (the german types alone are 500 in the book "German Aircraft of the WWI") without a kit!
Even not for all Windsock Datafiles (around 200?) exists kits in 1/48.

Yes, the Camel is well known and they calculate, how much kits can be sold. But I still say: Chance missed.

Cheers,
Frank
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: hiddeous1973 on December 02, 2020, 06:00:18 AM
A 1/48 kit that is beter detailed than even a WnW? that is some claim....
Yes, very glad that they are bringing out a brand new kit, like they did with the 1/72 Fokker D.VII. I saw that kit and the resin engines that go with that, very high quality as Eduard sets new standards with almost every new release.

But I am with you, why a Camel? They released some very unusual czech subject this year and they were very highly praised, not only for their quality,but most of all because they were not another spitfire/me-109/fw-109/zero ect. etc. etc.

So why mot take the leap in ww1? There are soooo many cool, widely used and inportant machines to choose from...
So, happy to see a new kit coming (don't actually have a Camel in any scale yet...) but a little sad as well
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: ThePenguin on December 02, 2020, 06:29:35 AM
They made a claim it will be the most FWW plane ever produced and my guess on that basis they chose the Camel as it is ubiquitous and one they can, and probably hope to backup that claim with this choice. If successful maybe we'll see more subjects get released as it sounds like they are trying a much higher level of detailing and seem to be testing the waters.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Dave W on December 02, 2020, 10:52:10 AM
Rather than question about Eduard selecting a Camel as their new flagship WW1 project , I think the WW1 hobby movement should be applauding them for investing in new tooling for 1/48th WW1 aircraft. The Camel is an obvious choice to "test" the market given it's the WW1 equivalent of a Spitfire or Bf 109.

Choosing an esoteric, little known subject may not give them a solid return on the investment. A Camel should sell well and hopefully encourage Eduard to expand it's new tool 1/48th WW1 range.

Big kudos to Eduard!

Dave Wilson
Gold Coast
Australia
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Alexis on December 02, 2020, 12:38:07 PM
I heard of this one awhile back already and after having just built one , it is not an easy  off assemble at all and the pit could have been better thought out for doing the control lines .  the new tool kit I would like to see what they come up with when it comes out . I'm not a much of a fan of the Camel and with one still in stash and WNW one still . I will be passing on this one . I don't even want to build the ones in the stash now . However though hopefully this is the start of Eduard getting back into WW 1 subjects in 48 scale . No one else seems to be producing new kits in this scale .


Terri
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: coyotemagic on December 02, 2020, 01:25:03 PM
Between Eduard, Blue Max and WNW, I have at least 10 Camels, but as I AM a fan, I will be buying this one if for no other reason than to encourage Eduard to produce more WWI subjects.  I did a Blue Max/Eduard Camel Comic conversion a few years back and thoroughly enjoyed the project.  I am a bit of a masochist.
Cheers,
Bud
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Pup7309 on December 02, 2020, 03:18:54 PM
Good news, look forward to a full range in 1/48 in time.
I guess they needed a new tool Camel to duel with the Dr1- al la Roy Brown shooting wide and short of the Baron’s crate, Cheers :D
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Brad Cancian on December 02, 2020, 05:33:14 PM
Any new kit is great (as Dave said), but... I really do have to agree, an odd (and probably unnecessary) choice. Nothing wrong with their old camel, and unless this really is a piece of magnificence not yet beholden in plastic, then I'll probably be indifferent to buying one (yep I like to support our hobby niche but I already have several of Eduard's camels... and money is money).

If they needed something interesting to get back into WW1 then why not continue where they've treaded recently with their 1/72 Fokkers and release a new 1/72 scale Camel, or SE5a? Or if they wanted to stick to 1/48, maybe a new 1/48 Snipe, SPAD VII, Avro, or any other range of subjects?

Maybe if they got on our forum and asked us what we liked or wanted, then maybe they'd get some good input (ala Roden)?

I mean, great that they are releasing something new, but... a Camel? Especially when they already have a good one? Maybe it's just like releasing another spitfire, 109, or something. Meh.

BC     
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: loopyloop on December 02, 2020, 07:46:06 PM
As far as I'm concerned 1/48 are yesterdays models. Now Eduard seem to want to steal WnW;s thunder so why oh why didn't they take the plunge and go for 1/32 scale
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Bughunter on December 02, 2020, 11:19:28 PM
1/48 are yesterdays models.
That is untrue!
Finished models in scale 1/32 are too big for many people. I see more and more posts and messages, where modelers wants to go back to 1/48 after WNW died. That scale allows more details as 1/72 but the finished models has a fair size to be shown in glass cabinets.
There are more (biplane era) aircraft types available in 1/48 as in 1/32, in 1/72 even more.

It is like railroad models, all scales have their right to exist, if you like it or not.

Cheers,
Frank
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: markleecarter on December 03, 2020, 12:19:48 AM
Hopefully they will sell well enough to encourage Eduard to venture into more WWI aircraft. Camels and Spitfires will always be popular choices for manufacturers as they are so iconic and are probably the most effective ways to get new people buying models - I know I took up modelling because I wanted to build a Spitfire and that got me hooked.

I sadly have very little time for modelling these days and have a couple of the old Eduard Camels in the stash but I will certainly buy one just to give them some encouragement. Hopefully there will be some nice aftermarket stuff too!
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Borsos on December 03, 2020, 12:28:05 AM
As far as I'm concerned 1/48 are yesterdays models. Now Eduard seem to want to steal WnW;s thunder so why oh why didn't they take the plunge and go for 1/32 scale

I hope, no one at eduard‘s turns this upside down and cries out that WNW would have „stolen the WW1 theme“ from eduard. The Czechs already produced masses of great WW1 biplane kits long before they got off their sheeps in New Zealand...  ;)

Is there any better place for a modeller than watching two first rate kit producers getting into competition regarding detail and quality of their products? Why not buying both kits and being happy about the choice we have.

If WNW is still a kind of Religion, we actually need much more heresy....

Andreas
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Berman on December 03, 2020, 12:35:05 AM
 I only build 1/48 scale WWI aircraft. For me it is the perfect size. 1/32nd scale planes take up too much room to display and are more expensive. 1/72nd planes are more difficult to assemble and detail. I encourage other fans of 1/48th scale to write to Eduard, Roden, Copper State Models, Special Hobby, and Karaya asking them to please produce more types of aircraft. Maybe Chorozsy Modelbud will expand their model line of 1/72nd kits to 1/48th scale if they get enough requests.
    The small amount of  sales has ended production of the fantastic Copper State Models 1/48th scale Handley Page 0-400 bomber. We need to support these WWI aircraft kit manufacturers.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Iancshippee on December 03, 2020, 01:22:50 AM
I also much prefer 1:48 scale for aircraft, as they are much easier to display it terms of the space they take up. It also seems they survive a fall or run-in with a toddler far better that their big brothers! Not as much mass hitting the floor. Looking forward to the new Camel, Eduard, and keep at it! Please please re/tool your Pup and give us a Snipe too someday?
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: RAGIII on December 03, 2020, 02:50:30 AM
Although I haven't worked in 1/48th in years I find this release to be Interesting. Eduard has made quite a "Statement" that I can't overlook. The part about the best and most accurately detailed WW1 kit ever produced in any scale is certainly going to be tough to live up to and if they are successful will obviously set a "New" standard! Watching Terri struggle with the Old kit perhaps it is time for a New 1/48th Camel.  8)
RAGIII
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Alexis on December 03, 2020, 03:30:12 AM
Hi Rick , those struggles I'm sure were self induced  ;)


Terri
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Bughunter on December 03, 2020, 03:59:12 AM
Eduard was also talking about the SE.5a prior release and that kit is also not disappointing!
There are really clever engineering solutions in it, like the strut alignment.

Both angles (forward and side) are determined during assembly! The main wing fits later perfectly.
(http://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1p9Za1URHGtKU2pmbP0uHXcBUcKdTXPYY)

(http://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1_vuMmeF34NT2qyptUwvae2xJ5c_X0plm)

For more see my build here: https://forum.ww1aircraftmodels.com/index.php?topic=9848.0

The latest 1/48 WWI models are the Siemens-Schuckert D.III and the SE.5a. The Siemens-Schuckert was externally developed (it is nice kit), with the result, that Eduard developed the SE.5a in-house even if this takes longer. The SE.5a is remarkable better!

Cheers,
Frank
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Pedja on December 03, 2020, 06:07:16 AM
Well, I have to say that Eduard and especialy Se5a kit, is the main reason for ne to start my WW1 interes. There was no doubt about scale neither, since 48 is my scale for some (long) time.
I can't wait for new tool Camel
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: rayb24 on December 03, 2020, 08:29:00 AM
All these comments about hoping Eduard get more into ww1, are a bit off to me. We all seem to forget that Eduard started with ww1 models in the 90’s. In fact the EIII was there first full model, followed by the Siemens and i think a few Sopwith’s even anal Albatros two seater,  so they do understand the market very well. In fact you could argue that they gave a real early boost that got other companies interested. Of course there tooling is much better now and more expensive so they do have to see the return on investment. Which to me is why they are doing the Camel.
Ray

Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: bobs_buckles on December 03, 2020, 05:26:22 PM
I moved away from 48th when WNW came onto the scene, but I will be going back for this release.
If they can engineer a kit that is easy to build and has crisp details that are on a par or exceeding WNW capability, then I'm all in.

vB
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: FokkerFodder on December 03, 2020, 06:00:33 PM
I have to agree I’m getting tempted to try quarter scale - There are some wonderful builds on the forum in this scale and great kits and I’m starting to struggle with space!
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: loopyloop on December 03, 2020, 08:19:02 PM
Well that's kicked the hanger doors! I hope you guys enjoy Eduards new camel because a new kit is always interesting, My comment was a little teaser due to my eureka moment after discovering WnW's Rumpler going cheap at Scale Modrel World a few years ago. There is better news however and that's Eduard's new combo of little Fokkers with Brassin and loads of markings.
Model on
Karen
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Jeff K on December 04, 2020, 12:54:56 AM
while i'm all for supporting manufacturers' ventures into WWI, and more detail is better, and a Camel's a safe way to test the waters, i will never pay money for anything in 1/48. even if it's the Best Kit In The Universe Of My Favorite Subject.

when i got interested in the hobby again, i made a large spreadsheet of all the subjects i'm interested in, and their sizes at various scales from 1/1 down to 1/2400, with the goal of arriving at one scale for everything. the closest i came was 1/72, which is still my main scale. however, when someone said the skipper of the Revell PT-109 looked like Shafty Kennedy, i looked at the figure. it didn't. so i chose 1/32 for 'close ups.'

1/48 is too large for ships and too small for figures. that said, everyone who cares about constant scale is likely to come up with a different answer, and i'm happy for the folks who focus on 1/48, as they were kinda left behind by the whole WNW thing.

i do expect 1/32 is here to stay for WWI stuff, however.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Vickers on December 04, 2020, 01:41:08 AM
I've built two of the 1/48th Eduard Camels, still have 4 more in the stash, and I will probably buy two or more of this next version- especially if they release it as a dual combo or royal class. I enjoyed building the first pair, although they did have a few fiddly fit issues forward of the cockpit. My hope is that they'll include optional engine types & cowlings (including an appropriate variety of decal options) and perhaps tone down the surface detail on the wings a bit.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Manfred_L on December 04, 2020, 07:43:11 PM
I applaud Eduard for a new WW1 model. But my first wish for a make over would have been the good old Albatros DIII. I still hope for a Pup and a Hannover one day. Then again as was written above, they surely know their market better.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: the great waldo on December 04, 2020, 08:02:11 PM
I would love a hannover update and the albatros DIII would also be a great idea. I started with 1/48 eduard Albatros cIII after a break of 30 years and have collefted pretty much all the eduard 1/48 ww1 kits. The wnw are absolutely first class kits but real space hoggers. Hopefully eduard will start up again with more ww1 1/48 releases in the future.
Cheers.
Andrew
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: lcarroll on December 05, 2020, 02:52:49 AM
    I modeled in 1:48 for years and only went to 1:32 (Before the arrival of Wingnut Wings) when the realities of age related vision deterioration, arthritis, and less steady hands pushed me to the larger scale. As someone has already stated the arrival of the Wingnut surge pushed other companies into the background and now their demise has opened up the market place again. Despite my loyalty to 1;32 Scale and the advantages it provides to me I welcome these new efforts in the smaller scales; it's good for the hobby, at the risk of exaggeration the fans of the smaller scales are rewarded for their patience during the "drought", and it will lead to healthy competition and further development of the products. We've already seen some of these benefits, Copper State,  and now Eduard to name only two are already setting new standards and it will not be long before that trend flows nicely into !:32 as well. Besides all that, what's not to like in a completely new Camel?!
Cheers,
Lance
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: the great waldo on December 05, 2020, 03:56:21 AM
I would love a hannover update and the albatros DIII would also be a great idea. I started with 1/48 eduard Albatros cIII after a break of 30 years and have collefted pretty much all the eduard 1/48 ww1 kits. The wnw are absolutely first class kits but real space hoggers. Hopefully eduard will start up again with more ww1 1/48 releases in the future.
Cheers.
Andrew
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Softscience on December 08, 2020, 06:24:24 AM
I for one am very happy with any new WW I announcement, no matter the scale. But I'm especially happy when it is 1/48. When it comes to biplanes, I think 1/72 is too fragile (at least for my fumble fingers), and I'm not willing to pay over $200 USD for used WNW kits. So until that situation changes, I'll be giving my money to Eduard (and Roden, And to whomever can provide alternatives to Roden decals)
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: markleecarter on January 06, 2021, 02:24:55 AM
I have just seen some pictures in the latest issue of Eduard's 'Info' magazine. Looks like they are going to give us quite a few armament options!

https://www.eduard.com/out/media/InfoEduard/archive/2021/info-eduard-2021-01cz-m9f.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0E4a_I5kztrbhtTyktMwxsRIKF9dapYRfbZSQ2nefVuNGdPKddVf9HrXI (https://www.eduard.com/out/media/InfoEduard/archive/2021/info-eduard-2021-01cz-m9f.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0E4a_I5kztrbhtTyktMwxsRIKF9dapYRfbZSQ2nefVuNGdPKddVf9HrXI)

Pictures are on page 9 but screenshot attached.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Brad Cancian on January 06, 2021, 05:07:11 PM
Indeed, looks like a Comic as well as the 'standard' camels. What would be really special is if they could do a two-seat trainer... :)

Cheers,

BC
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: rayb24 on January 07, 2021, 11:45:44 AM
A real comic camel ;). 


Sorry too much excitement, but its one of my favorite aircraft, and i was so wishing it had been done in 1/32. But hey 1/48th will do.


Ray
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: hrcoleman66 on January 16, 2021, 12:49:40 PM
While I agree somewhat with everyone’s “why a Camel” I also agree with the opinion that 1/48 is the best scale for ww1 aircraft subjects.
I built the original camel when it first came out, I found it an easy build, but I’d built a few Blue Max short run kits by then and there was pretty much nothing that phased me fit wise...  it was always my finishing that let me down.
That kit was though, a bit of a disappointment.  The rib takes were horrendous and frankly, put me off building the other two I still have in my stash.  I guess I could spend a few hours sanding them off, replace them with more scale renditions, but...
The latest two efforts from Eduard, the SE5a and the Siemens, have the rib takes better, but the stitching is overboard.  Way over scale.
Let’s see how they look on this new one huh?  I’ll probably buy it...  if only to encourage Eduard to do what I really want in a well moulded 1/48 kit and what I wished WNW would do and never did...  an RAF BE2c.

Cheers,

Hugh
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: bobs_buckles on January 16, 2021, 11:01:18 PM
I'm looking forward to this release. Be nice to do a side by side with the older boxing.
Bring it on Eduard!

vB  ;)
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Brez on July 20, 2021, 11:00:26 PM
Limited edition kit of British WWI fighter
aircraft Sopwith F.1 Camel in 1/48 scale
with two Biggles fictional markings.
Eduard are releasing a re-tooled Camel in a 'Dual Combo' Limited Edition. 10 marking options.
Along with 'Brassin' extras seat, dash, Vickers, wheels and Rotherham pumps!

https://www.eduard.com/out/media/distributors/leaflet/leaflet2021-09en.pdf

It seems a strange choice to me. I'd have thought a new Pup, Tripe or Snipe would have been more popular, but what do I know!
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Alexis on July 23, 2021, 11:56:16 AM
I guess sales will determine on whether we see a ..snipe , pup , tripe . I'm still rooting for them to re-tool their Tripe  ;)


Alexis 
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Brez on July 26, 2021, 07:46:22 PM
Now available for pre-order at Hannants.
https://www.hannants.co.uk/product/EDK11151?result-token=z7xez
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: dr 1 ace on July 27, 2021, 03:55:00 AM
Y

ears ago, Eduard had announced a Halberstdadt D-II/III, even showed a color rendering but suddendly disappeared, perhaps this is the time  to contact ED agin with requests for this kit.

Ed
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Pup7309 on July 31, 2021, 01:01:16 PM
Hi, good news about any company coming out with quality WW1 kits. Camel, meh, jmo. If they did an equal amount of 2 seaters or 2 engine bombers then great. Where do you get the space for a 1/32 Gotha or Felixstowe? Personally I like 1/32 for doing cockpits and fiddly bits. But once the winspan is >35cm then handling and finding space a challenge. Once again just my 2cents worth
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Brez on August 03, 2021, 09:21:42 PM
Oh good, one of the decal options is "Donner-wettter", seeing as I missed out on the WNW version   >:(

https://www.eduard.com/info-eduard-august-2021/
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: markleecarter on August 04, 2021, 10:46:40 PM
They have put out a glimpse of a test shot on their Instagram page. Looks like the rib stitching might be a little less prominent than the SE5, but not much. Wheels look pretty good though!

https://www.instagram.com/p/CSJpoWziAME/?fbclid=IwAR1G4q5y_p3INT75thhglwYn4tkX-hD2hiKmTnsnnA5HSSOIqvTYln2OiNE (https://www.instagram.com/p/CSJpoWziAME/?fbclid=IwAR1G4q5y_p3INT75thhglwYn4tkX-hD2hiKmTnsnnA5HSSOIqvTYln2OiNE)


Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: Bughunter on August 22, 2021, 03:04:23 AM
The Camel is now available, with 15% reduction in Eduard online shop :D
Some of the accessories too, other sets comes next month.

The new kits are like a new car - you can double the start price with accessories ::)
 
Cheers,
Frank
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: the great waldo on August 25, 2021, 05:50:22 PM
while i'm all for supporting manufacturers' ventures into WWI, and more detail is better, and a Camel's a safe way to test the waters, i will never pay money for anything in 1/48. even if it's the Best Kit In The Universe Of My Favorite Subject.

when i got interested in the hobby again, i made a large spreadsheet of all the subjects i'm interested in, and their sizes at various scales from 1/1 down to 1/2400, with the goal of arriving at one scale for everything. the closest i came was 1/72, which is still my main scale. however, when someone said the skipper of the Revell PT-109 looked like Shafty Kennedy, i looked at the figure. it didn't. so i chose 1/32 for 'close ups.'

1/48 is too large for ships and too small for figures. that said, everyone who cares about constant scale is likely to come up with a different answer, and i'm happy for the folks who focus on 1/48, as they were kinda left behind by the whole WNW thing.

1/32 scale is great to build especially us older types with dodgy eyes, but where do you put the damn things? I've got a stash of wnw kits and a complete collection of eduard and specially hobby !/48 kits. The 1/48 stuff will get built quickly(reasonably) and the wnw ones will be slowly built with ultimate detailing in mind. A thought springs to mind, what do all the aftermarket companies do with the demise of wnw ? Maybe Kotare and Roden should be keeping them informed of future projects !!!
Cheers
Andrew
i do expect 1/32 is here to stay for WWI stuff, however.
Title: Re: New 1/48 Camel from Eduard
Post by: BobW on September 02, 2021, 06:58:49 AM
Eduard, in their September 2021 Info online magazine, give the reasons why they decided to produce a new 2021 Camel model to replace their old version.  The reasons follow:

I am often asked why a new Camel? The
reason is that the original galvanized forms
were in rough shape. Extracting plastic sprues
from them was becoming an embarrassment.
These old forms were made at a time when
there were changes being implemented in
the composition of materials used in the manufacture of plating dies, which had an adverse effect on copper shells that were, in turn,
reflected in the surface of the forms. The end
result was a short lifespan of the forms. To top
it off, even the kit design was not that great.
That also found itself in the midst of the change
from handmade forms to CAD generated items,
and we had no experience in CAD designs and
were in search of the correct procedures. That
resulted in some rough and incomplete details
and a more difficult kit to build, and was a far
cry from what we can do today. And because
we simply want a Camel in our catalog, if for no
other reason, it belongs among the best known
types in history, we had no choice but to do it
again, and do it better.

Bob